[Sheepdog] [PATCH] Standardize error messages and tidy up remaining messages

Chris Webb chris at arachsys.com
Tue Dec 13 18:26:23 CET 2011


This patch includes a number of very trivial consistency and language fixes:

  - Standardize collie error messages printed to stderr to begin with a
    initial capital like other standard unix tools and the C library.
    (Messages written to the sheep.log are already standardized to be
    uncapitalised.)

  - Ensure all error messages are printed to stderr not stdout.

  - Fix some awkward wording, typos and grammatical issues in the messages.

  - Arrange for all of the tabular output from different collie commands to
    be similarly formatted and headings capitalised.

  - Spell VDI as 'VDI' not 'vdi' nor 'Vdi' in messages and comments.

Signed-off-by: Chris Webb <chris at arachsys.com>
---
 collie/cluster.c         |   36 ++++++----
 collie/collie.c          |   61 +++++++---------
 collie/common.c          |   20 +++---
 collie/node.c            |   16 ++---
 collie/treeview.c        |    4 +-
 collie/vdi.c             |  175 +++++++++++++++++++++++-----------------------
 include/sheep.h          |    2 +-
 include/sheepdog_proto.h |   24 +++---
 sheep/group.c            |    6 +-
 sheep/journal.c          |    2 +-
 sheep/ops.c              |    4 +-
 sheep/store.c            |    2 +-
 sheep/vdi.c              |   14 ++--
 13 files changed, 181 insertions(+), 185 deletions(-)

diff --git a/collie/cluster.c b/collie/cluster.c
index 162eb8a..f0284ae 100644
--- a/collie/cluster.c
+++ b/collie/cluster.c
@@ -57,12 +57,13 @@ static int cluster_format(int argc, char **argv)
 	close(fd);
 
 	if (ret) {
-		fprintf(stderr, "failed to connect\n");
+		fprintf(stderr, "Failed to connect\n");
 		return EXIT_SYSFAIL;
 	}
 
 	if (rsp->result != SD_RES_SUCCESS) {
-		fprintf(stderr, "%s\n", sd_strerror(rsp->result));
+		fprintf(stderr, "Format failed: %s\n",
+				sd_strerror(rsp->result));
 		return EXIT_FAILURE;
 	}
 
@@ -163,12 +164,13 @@ static int cluster_shutdown(int argc, char **argv)
 	close(fd);
 
 	if (ret) {
-		fprintf(stderr, "failed to connect\n");
+		fprintf(stderr, "Failed to connect\n");
 		return EXIT_SYSFAIL;
 	}
 
 	if (rsp->result != SD_RES_SUCCESS) {
-		fprintf(stderr, "%s\n", sd_strerror(rsp->result));
+		fprintf(stderr, "Shutdown failed: %s\n",
+				sd_strerror(rsp->result));
 		return EXIT_FAILURE;
 	}
 
@@ -176,12 +178,12 @@ static int cluster_shutdown(int argc, char **argv)
 }
 
 #define RECOVER_PRINT \
-"CAUTION!Please assure me that you have tried booting up all the\n\
-cluster nodes before you run this command.\n\n\
-In two cases you need to recover the cluster manually:\n\
-\t1) The master node is failed to boot in different epoch condition.\n\
-\t2) Some nodes are failed to boot after the cluster is shutdown-ed.\n\
-\nPlease type to continue [Yes/No]: "
+"Caution! Please try starting all the cluster nodes normally before\n\
+running this command.\n\n\
+The cluster may need to be recovered manually if:\n\
+  - the master node fails to start because of epoch mismatch; or\n\
+  - some nodes fail to start after a cluster shutdown.\n\n\
+Are you sure you want to continue? [yes/no]: "
 
 static int cluster_recover(int argc, char **argv)
 {
@@ -219,12 +221,13 @@ static int cluster_recover(int argc, char **argv)
 	close(fd);
 
 	if (ret) {
-		fprintf(stderr, "failed to connect\n");
+		fprintf(stderr, "Failed to connect\n");
 		return EXIT_SYSFAIL;
 	}
 
 	if (rsp->result != SD_RES_SUCCESS) {
-		fprintf(stderr, "%s\n", sd_strerror(rsp->result));
+		fprintf(stderr, "Recovery failed: %s\n",
+				sd_strerror(rsp->result));
 		return EXIT_FAILURE;
 	}
 
@@ -234,7 +237,7 @@ static int cluster_recover(int argc, char **argv)
 static struct subcommand cluster_cmd[] = {
 	{"info", NULL, "aprh", "show cluster information",
 	 0, cluster_info},
-	{"format", NULL, "cHaph", "create a Sheepdog storage",
+	{"format", NULL, "cHaph", "create a Sheepdog store",
 	 0, cluster_format},
 	{"shutdown", NULL, "aph", "stop Sheepdog",
 	 SUBCMD_FLAG_NEED_NODELIST, cluster_shutdown},
@@ -251,8 +254,11 @@ static int cluster_parser(int ch, char *opt)
 	switch (ch) {
 	case 'c':
 		copies = strtol(opt, &p, 10);
-		if (opt == p || copies < 1 || copies > SD_MAX_REDUNDANCY) {
-			fprintf(stderr, "copies must be from 1 through %d\n",
+		if (opt == p || copies < 1) {
+			fprintf(stderr, "There must be at least one copy of data\n");
+			exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+		} else if (copies > SD_MAX_REDUNDANCY) {
+			fprintf(stderr, "Redundancy may not exceed %d copies\n",
 				SD_MAX_REDUNDANCY);
 			exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
 		}
diff --git a/collie/collie.c b/collie/collie.c
index fbe9956..408f98d 100644
--- a/collie/collie.c
+++ b/collie/collie.c
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ static const struct sd_option collie_options[] = {
                           single spaces and print all sizes in decimal bytes"},
 	{'h', "help", 0, "display this help and exit"},
 
-	/* vdi options */
+	/* VDI options */
 	{'P', "prealloc", 0, "preallocate all the data objects"},
 	{'i', "index", 1, "specify the index of data objects"},
 	{'s', "snapshot", 1, "specify a snapshot id or tag name"},
@@ -40,9 +40,10 @@ static const struct sd_option collie_options[] = {
 	{'d', "delete", 0, "delete a key"},
 
 	/* cluster options */
-	{'c', "copies", 1, "set the number of data redundancy"},
-	{'H', "nohalt", 0, "serve the IO rquests even lack of enough redundant nodes"},
-	{'f', "force", 0, "never promt, you know well what you are doing"},
+	{'c', "copies", 1, "specify the data redundancy (number of copies)"},
+	{'H', "nohalt", 0, "serve IO requests even if there are too few\n\
+                          nodes for the configured redundancy"},
+	{'f', "force", 0, "do not prompt for confirmation"},
 
 	{ 0, NULL, 0, NULL },
 };
@@ -91,14 +92,15 @@ static int update_node_list(int max_nodes, int epoch)
 	}
 
 	if (rsp->result != SD_RES_SUCCESS) {
-		fprintf(stderr, "%s\n", sd_strerror(rsp->result));
+		fprintf(stderr, "Failed to update node list: %s\n",
+				sd_strerror(rsp->result));
 		ret = -1;
 		goto out;
 	}
 
 	nr_nodes = size / sizeof(*ent);
 	if (nr_nodes == 0) {
-		fprintf(stderr, "there is no active sheep daemons\n");
+		fprintf(stderr, "There are no active sheep daemons\n");
 		exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
 	}
 
@@ -135,7 +137,7 @@ static const struct sd_option *find_opt(int ch)
 		if (collie_options[i].val == ch)
 			return collie_options + i;
 	}
-	fprintf(stderr, "internal error\n");
+	fprintf(stderr, "Internal error\n");
 	exit(EXIT_SYSFAIL);
 }
 
@@ -193,7 +195,7 @@ static unsigned long setup_command(struct command *commands, char *cmd, char *su
 	}
 
 	if (!found) {
-		fprintf(stderr, "'%s' is not a valid command\n", cmd);
+		fprintf(stderr, "Invalid command '%s'\n", cmd);
 		usage(commands, EXIT_USAGE);
 	}
 
@@ -209,10 +211,11 @@ static unsigned long setup_command(struct command *commands, char *cmd, char *su
 	}
 
 	if (!command_fn) {
-		fprintf(stderr, "'%s' is not a valid subcommand\n", subcmd);
-		fprintf(stderr, "'%s' supports the following subcommands:\n", cmd);
+		if (strcmp(subcmd, "help") && strcmp(subcmd, "--help"))
+			fprintf(stderr, "Invalid command '%s %s'\n", cmd, subcmd);
+		fprintf(stderr, "Available %s commands:\n", cmd);
 		for (s = commands[i].sub; s->name; s++)
-			fprintf(stderr, "%s\n", s->name);
+			fprintf(stderr, "  %s %s\n", cmd, s->name);
 		exit(EXIT_USAGE);
 	}
 
@@ -226,12 +229,11 @@ static void usage(struct command *commands, int status)
 	char name[64];
 
 	if (status)
-		fprintf(stderr, "Try `%s --help' for more information.\n", program_name);
+		fprintf(stderr, "Try '%s --help' for more information.\n", program_name);
 	else {
+		printf("Sheepdog administrator utility\n");
 		printf("Usage: %s <command> <subcommand> [options]\n", program_name);
-		printf("Sheepdog Administrator Utilty\n");
-		printf("\n");
-		printf("Command syntax:\n");
+		printf("\nAvailable commands:\n");
 		for (i = 0; commands[i].name; i++) {
 			for (s = commands[i].sub; s->name; s++) {
 				sprintf(name, "%s %s", commands[i].name, s->name);
@@ -239,8 +241,8 @@ static void usage(struct command *commands, int status)
 			}
 		}
 		printf("\n");
-		printf("For more information, "
-		       "type \"%s <command> <subcommand> --help\".\n", program_name);
+		printf("For more information, run "
+		       "'%s <command> <subcommand> --help'.\n", program_name);
 	}
 	exit(status);
 }
@@ -251,13 +253,7 @@ static void subcommand_usage(char *cmd, char *subcmd, int status)
 	const struct sd_option *sd_opt;
 	char name[64];
 
-	printf("%s %s - %s\n", cmd, subcmd, command_desc);
-	printf("\n");
-	printf("Usage:\n");
-	printf("  %s %s %s", program_name, cmd, subcmd);
-	if (command_arg)
-		printf(" %s", command_arg);
-
+	printf("Usage: %s %s %s", program_name, cmd, subcmd);
 	for (i = 0; i < len; i++) {
 		sd_opt = find_opt(command_options[i]);
 		if (sd_opt->has_arg)
@@ -265,10 +261,9 @@ static void subcommand_usage(char *cmd, char *subcmd, int status)
 		else
 			printf(" [-%c]", sd_opt->val);
 	}
-	printf("\n");
-	printf("\n");
-
-	printf("Command parameters:\n");
+	if (command_arg)
+		printf(" %s", command_arg);
+	printf("\nOptions:\n");
 	for (i = 0; i < len; i++) {
 		sd_opt = find_opt(command_options[i]);
 		sprintf(name, "-%c, --%s", sd_opt->val, sd_opt->name);
@@ -313,7 +308,7 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
 		case 'p':
 			sdport = strtol(optarg, &p, 10);
 			if (optarg == p || sdport < 1 || sdport > UINT16_MAX) {
-				fprintf(stderr, "invalid port number: %s\n", optarg);
+				fprintf(stderr, "Invalid port number '%s'\n", optarg);
 				exit(EXIT_USAGE);
 			}
 			break;
@@ -341,15 +336,13 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
 	if (flags & SUBCMD_FLAG_NEED_NODELIST) {
 		ret = update_node_list(SD_MAX_NODES, 0);
 		if (ret < 0) {
-			fprintf(stderr, "failed to get node list\n");
+			fprintf(stderr, "Failed to get node list\n");
 			exit(EXIT_SYSFAIL);
 		}
 	}
 
-	if (flags & SUBCMD_FLAG_NEED_THIRD_ARG && argc == optind) {
-		fprintf(stderr, "'%s %s' needs the third argument\n", argv[1], argv[2]);
-		exit(EXIT_USAGE);
-	}
+	if (flags & SUBCMD_FLAG_NEED_THIRD_ARG && argc == optind)
+		subcommand_usage(argv[1], argv[2], EXIT_USAGE);
 
 	return command_fn(argc, argv);
 }
diff --git a/collie/common.c b/collie/common.c
index 8260bd2..32ba0b6 100644
--- a/collie/common.c
+++ b/collie/common.c
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ int sd_read_object(uint64_t oid, void *data, unsigned int datalen,
 
 	fd = connect_to(sdhost, sdport);
 	if (fd < 0) {
-		fprintf(stderr, "failed to connect\n");
+		fprintf(stderr, "Failed to connect\n");
 		return SD_RES_EIO;
 	}
 
@@ -68,12 +68,12 @@ int sd_read_object(uint64_t oid, void *data, unsigned int datalen,
 	close(fd);
 
 	if (ret) {
-		fprintf(stderr, "failed to read object, %lx\n", oid);
+		fprintf(stderr, "Failed to read object %lx\n", oid);
 		return SD_RES_EIO;
 	}
 
 	if (rsp->result != SD_RES_SUCCESS) {
-		fprintf(stderr, "failed to read object, %lx %s\n", oid,
+		fprintf(stderr, "Failed to read object %lx %s\n", oid,
 			sd_strerror(rsp->result));
 		return rsp->result;
 	}
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ int sd_write_object(uint64_t oid, uint64_t cow_oid, void *data, unsigned int dat
 
 	fd = connect_to(sdhost, sdport);
 	if (fd < 0) {
-		fprintf(stderr, "failed to connect\n");
+		fprintf(stderr, "Failed to connect\n");
 		return SD_RES_EIO;
 	}
 
@@ -112,12 +112,12 @@ int sd_write_object(uint64_t oid, uint64_t cow_oid, void *data, unsigned int dat
 	close(fd);
 
 	if (ret) {
-		fprintf(stderr, "failed to write object, %lx\n", oid);
+		fprintf(stderr, "Failed to write object %lx\n", oid);
 		return SD_RES_EIO;
 	}
 	if (rsp->result != SD_RES_SUCCESS) {
-		fprintf(stderr, "failed to write object, %lx %s\n", oid,
-			sd_strerror(rsp->result));
+		fprintf(stderr, "Failed to write object %lx: %s\n", oid,
+				sd_strerror(rsp->result));
 		return rsp->result;
 	}
 
@@ -162,11 +162,11 @@ int parse_vdi(vdi_parser_func_t func, size_t size, void *data)
 		memset(&i, 0, sizeof(i));
 		ret = sd_read_object(oid, &i, SD_INODE_HEADER_SIZE, 0);
 		if (ret != SD_RES_SUCCESS) {
-			fprintf(stderr, "failed to read a inode header\n");
+			fprintf(stderr, "Failed to read inode header\n");
 			continue;
 		}
 
-		if (i.name[0] == '\0') /* this vdi is deleted */
+		if (i.name[0] == '\0') /* this VDI has been deleted */
 			continue;
 
 		if (size > SD_INODE_HEADER_SIZE) {
@@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ int parse_vdi(vdi_parser_func_t func, size_t size, void *data)
 					     rlen, SD_INODE_HEADER_SIZE);
 
 			if (ret != SD_RES_SUCCESS) {
-				fprintf(stderr, "failed to read inode\n");
+				fprintf(stderr, "Failed to read inode\n");
 				continue;
 			}
 		}
diff --git a/collie/node.c b/collie/node.c
index a30a013..a8804f8 100644
--- a/collie/node.c
+++ b/collie/node.c
@@ -25,10 +25,8 @@ static int node_list(int argc, char **argv)
 {
 	int i;
 
-	if (!raw_output) {
-		printf("   Idx - Host:Port          Vnodes       Zone\n");
-		printf("---------------------------------------------\n");
-	}
+	if (!raw_output)
+		printf("M   Id   Host:Port         V-Nodes       Zone\n");
 	for (i = 0; i < nr_nodes; i++) {
 		char data[128];
 
@@ -38,13 +36,13 @@ static int node_list(int argc, char **argv)
 		if (i == master_idx) {
 			if (highlight)
 				printf(TEXT_BOLD);
-			printf(raw_output ? "* %d %s %d %d\n" : "* %4d - %-20s\t%d%11d\n",
+			printf(raw_output ? "* %d %s %d %d\n" : "* %4d   %-20s\t%2d%11d\n",
 			       i, data, node_list_entries[i].nr_vnodes,
 			       node_list_entries[i].zone);
 			if (highlight)
 				printf(TEXT_NORMAL);
 		} else
-			printf(raw_output ? "- %d %s %d %d\n" : "  %4d - %-20s\t%d%11d\n",
+			printf(raw_output ? "- %d %s %d %d\n" : "- %4d   %-20s\t%2d%11d\n",
 			       i, data, node_list_entries[i].nr_vnodes,
 			       node_list_entries[i].zone);
 	}
@@ -100,7 +98,7 @@ static int node_info(int argc, char **argv)
 	}
 
 	if (success == 0) {
-		fprintf(stderr, "cannot get information from any nodes\n");
+		fprintf(stderr, "Cannot get information from any nodes\n");
 		return EXIT_SYSFAIL;
 	}
 
@@ -110,7 +108,7 @@ static int node_info(int argc, char **argv)
 	size_to_str(total_size - total_avail, avail_str, sizeof(avail_str));
 	size_to_str(total_vdi_size, vdi_size_str, sizeof(vdi_size_str));
 	printf(raw_output ? "Total %s %s %d%% %s\n"
-			  : "\nTotal\t%s\t%s\t%3d%%, total virtual VDI Size\t%s\n",
+			  : "Total\t%s\t%s\t%3d%%\n\nTotal virtual image size\t%s\n",
 	       total_str, avail_str,
 	       (int)(((double)(total_size - total_avail) / total_size) * 100),
 	       vdi_size_str);
@@ -121,7 +119,7 @@ static int node_info(int argc, char **argv)
 static struct subcommand node_cmd[] = {
 	{"list", NULL, "aprh", "list nodes",
 	 SUBCMD_FLAG_NEED_NODELIST, node_list},
-	{"info", NULL, "aprh", "show each node information",
+	{"info", NULL, "aprh", "show information about each node",
 	 SUBCMD_FLAG_NEED_NODELIST, node_info},
 	{NULL,},
 };
diff --git a/collie/treeview.c b/collie/treeview.c
index 2270018..b1d2242 100644
--- a/collie/treeview.c
+++ b/collie/treeview.c
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ static struct vdi_tree *new_vdi(const char *name, const char *label,
 
 	vdi = malloc(sizeof(struct vdi_tree));
 	if (!vdi) {
-		fprintf(stderr, "malloc\n");
+		fprintf(stderr, "Failed to allocate memory\n");
 		return NULL;
 	}
 	strcpy(vdi->name, name);
@@ -184,7 +184,7 @@ void dump_tree(void)
 	width = malloc(sizeof(int) * depth);
 	more = malloc(sizeof(int) * depth);
 	if (!width || !more) {
-		fprintf(stderr, "out of memory\n");
+		fprintf(stderr, "Failed to allocate memory\n");
 		return;
 	}
 
diff --git a/collie/vdi.c b/collie/vdi.c
index 91a7264..8260eba 100644
--- a/collie/vdi.c
+++ b/collie/vdi.c
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ static int parse_option_size(const char *value, uint64_t *ret)
 		*ret = (uint64_t) sizef;
 		break;
 	default:
-		fprintf(stderr, "invalid parameter, %s\n", value);
+		fprintf(stderr, "Invalid size '%s'\n", value);
 		fprintf(stderr, "You may use k, M, G or T suffixes for "
 			"kilobytes, megabytes, gigabytes and terabytes.\n");
 		return -1;
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ static void print_vdi_tree(uint32_t vid, char *name, char * tag, uint32_t snapid
 	char buf[128];
 
 	if (is_current(i))
-		strcpy(buf, "(You Are Here)");
+		strcpy(buf, "(you are here)");
 	else {
 		ti = i->ctime >> 32;
 		localtime_r(&ti, &tm);
@@ -155,11 +155,11 @@ static void print_vdi_graph(uint32_t vid, char *name, char * tag, uint32_t snapi
 	       "    group = \"%s\",\n"
 	       "    label = \"",
 	       vid, name);
-	printf("name: %10s\\n"
-	       "tag : %10x\\n"
-	       "size: %10s\\n"
-	       "date: %10s\\n"
-	       "time: %10s",
+	printf("Name: %10s\\n"
+	       "Tag:  %10x\\n"
+	       "Size: %10s\\n"
+	       "Date: %10s\\n"
+	       "Time: %10s",
 	       name, snapid, size_str, dbuf, tbuf);
 
 	if (is_current(i))
@@ -196,18 +196,18 @@ static void do_print_obj(char *sheep, uint64_t oid, struct sd_obj_rsp *rsp,
 {
 	switch (rsp->result) {
 	case SD_RES_SUCCESS:
-		printf("%s: has the object (should be %d copies)\n",
+		printf("%s has the object (should be %d copies)\n",
 		       sheep, rsp->copies);
 		break;
 	case SD_RES_NO_OBJ:
-		printf("%s: doesn't have\n", sheep);
+		printf("%s doesn't have the object\n", sheep);
 		break;
 	case SD_RES_OLD_NODE_VER:
 	case SD_RES_NEW_NODE_VER:
-		printf("the node list has changed, try again\n");
+		fprintf(stderr, "The node list has changed: please try again\n");
 		break;
 	default:
-		printf("%s: hit an unexpected error, %d\n",
+		fprintf(stderr, "%s: hit an unexpected error (%d)\n",
 		       sheep, rsp->result);
 		break;
 	}
@@ -237,10 +237,10 @@ static void get_data_oid(char *sheep, uint64_t oid, struct sd_obj_rsp *rsp,
 		break;
 	case SD_RES_OLD_NODE_VER:
 	case SD_RES_NEW_NODE_VER:
-		printf("the node list has changed, try again\n");
+		fprintf(stderr, "The node list has changed: please try again\n");
 		break;
 	default:
-		printf("%s: hit an expected error, %d\n",
+		fprintf(stderr, "%s: hit an unexpected error (%d)\n",
 		       sheep, rsp->result);
 		break;
 	}
@@ -254,7 +254,7 @@ static void parse_objs(uint64_t oid, obj_parser_func_t func, void *data, unsigne
 
 	buf = zalloc(size);
 	if (!buf) {
-		fprintf(stderr, "out of memory\n");
+		fprintf(stderr, "Failed to allocate memory\n");
 		return;
 	}
 
@@ -283,7 +283,7 @@ static void parse_objs(uint64_t oid, obj_parser_func_t func, void *data, unsigne
 		sprintf(name + strlen(name), ":%d", node_list_entries[i].port);
 
 		if (ret)
-			printf("%s: can't connect\n", name);
+			fprintf(stderr, "Failed to connect to %s\n", name);
 		else
 			func(name, oid, rsp, buf, data);
 	}
@@ -296,10 +296,8 @@ static int vdi_list(int argc, char **argv)
 {
 	char *vdiname = argv[optind];
 
-	if (!raw_output) {
-		printf("  name        id    size    used  shared    creation time   vdi id\n");
-		printf("------------------------------------------------------------------\n");
-	}
+	if (!raw_output)
+		printf("  Name        Id    Size    Used  Shared    Creation time   VDI id\n");
 
 	if (vdiname) {
 		struct get_vdi_info info;
@@ -372,8 +370,8 @@ static int find_vdi_name(char *vdiname, uint32_t snapid, const char *tag,
 	}
 
 	if (rsp->result != SD_RES_SUCCESS) {
-		fprintf(stderr, "cannot get vdi info, %s, %s %d %s\n",
-			sd_strerror(rsp->result), vdiname, snapid, tag);
+		fprintf(stderr, "Cannot get VDI info for %s %d %s: %s\n",
+			vdiname, snapid, tag, sd_strerror(rsp->result));
 		ret = -1;
 		goto out;
 	}
@@ -396,7 +394,7 @@ static int do_vdi_create(char *vdiname, int64_t vdi_size, uint32_t base_vid,
 
 	fd = connect_to(sdhost, sdport);
 	if (fd < 0) {
-		fprintf(stderr, "failed to connect\n");
+		fprintf(stderr, "Failed to connect\n");
 		return EXIT_SYSFAIL;
 	}
 
@@ -420,12 +418,13 @@ static int do_vdi_create(char *vdiname, int64_t vdi_size, uint32_t base_vid,
 	close(fd);
 
 	if (ret) {
-		fprintf(stderr, "failed to send a request\n");
+		fprintf(stderr, "Failed to send a request\n");
 		return EXIT_SYSFAIL;
 	}
 
 	if (rsp->result != SD_RES_SUCCESS) {
-		fprintf(stderr, "%s, %s\n", sd_strerror(rsp->result), vdiname);
+		fprintf(stderr, "Failed to create VDI %s: %s\n", vdiname,
+				sd_strerror(rsp->result));
 		return EXIT_FAILURE;
 	}
 
@@ -446,14 +445,14 @@ static int vdi_create(int argc, char **argv)
 	char *buf = NULL;
 
 	if (!argv[optind]) {
-		fprintf(stderr, "please specify the size of vdi\n");
+		fprintf(stderr, "Please specify the VDI size\n");
 		return EXIT_USAGE;
 	}
 	ret = parse_option_size(argv[optind], &size);
 	if (ret < 0)
 		return EXIT_USAGE;
 	if (size > SD_MAX_VDI_SIZE) {
-		fprintf(stderr, "too big image size, %s\n", argv[optind]);
+		fprintf(stderr, "VDI size is too large\n");
 		return EXIT_USAGE;
 	}
 
@@ -464,14 +463,14 @@ static int vdi_create(int argc, char **argv)
 	inode = malloc(sizeof(*inode));
 	buf = zalloc(SD_DATA_OBJ_SIZE);
 	if (!inode || !buf) {
-		fprintf(stderr, "oom\n");
+		fprintf(stderr, "Failed to allocate memory\n");
 		ret = EXIT_SYSFAIL;
 		goto out;
 	}
 
 	ret = sd_read_object(vid_to_vdi_oid(vid), inode, sizeof(*inode), 0);
 	if (ret != SD_RES_SUCCESS) {
-		fprintf(stderr, "failed to read a newly created vdi object\n");
+		fprintf(stderr, "Failed to read a newly created VDI object\n");
 		ret = EXIT_FAILURE;
 		goto out;
 	}
@@ -512,20 +511,20 @@ static int vdi_snapshot(int argc, char **argv)
 	struct sheepdog_inode *inode = (struct sheepdog_inode *)buf;
 
 	if (vdi_cmd_data.snapshot_id != 0) {
-		fprintf(stderr, "please specify a non-integer value for "
+		fprintf(stderr, "Please specify a non-integer value for "
 			"a snapshot tag name\n");
 		return EXIT_USAGE;
 	}
 
 	ret = find_vdi_name(vdiname, 0, "", &vid, 0);
 	if (ret < 0) {
-		fprintf(stderr, "failed to open vdi %s\n", vdiname);
+		fprintf(stderr, "Failed to open VDI %s\n", vdiname);
 		return EXIT_FAILURE;
 	}
 
 	ret = sd_read_object(vid_to_vdi_oid(vid), inode, SD_INODE_HEADER_SIZE, 0);
 	if (ret != SD_RES_SUCCESS) {
-		fprintf(stderr, "failed to read an inode header\n");
+		fprintf(stderr, "Failed to read an inode header\n");
 		return EXIT_FAILURE;
 	}
 
@@ -550,15 +549,14 @@ static int vdi_clone(int argc, char **argv)
 
 	dst_vdi = argv[optind];
 	if (!dst_vdi) {
-		fprintf(stderr, "a dst vdi must be specified\n");
+		fprintf(stderr, "Destination VDI name must be specified\n");
 		ret = EXIT_USAGE;
 		goto out;
 	}
 
 	if (!vdi_cmd_data.snapshot_id && !vdi_cmd_data.snapshot_tag[0]) {
-		fprintf(stderr, "it is not supported to create a clone image of "
-			"the non-snapshot vdi\n");
-		fprintf(stderr, "please specify a '-s' option\n");
+		fprintf(stderr, "Only snapshot VDIs can be cloned\n");
+		fprintf(stderr, "Please specify the '-s' option\n");
 		ret = EXIT_USAGE;
 		goto out;
 	}
@@ -566,20 +564,20 @@ static int vdi_clone(int argc, char **argv)
 	ret = find_vdi_name(src_vdi, vdi_cmd_data.snapshot_id,
 			    vdi_cmd_data.snapshot_tag, &base_vid, 0);
 	if (ret < 0) {
-		fprintf(stderr, "failed to open vdi %s\n", src_vdi);
+		fprintf(stderr, "Failed to open VDI %s\n", src_vdi);
 		ret = EXIT_FAILURE;
 		goto out;
 	}
 
 	inode = malloc(sizeof(*inode));
 	if (!inode) {
-		fprintf(stderr, "oom\n");
+		fprintf(stderr, "Failed to allocate memory\n");
 		ret = EXIT_SYSFAIL;
 		goto out;
 	}
 	ret = sd_read_object(vid_to_vdi_oid(base_vid), inode, SD_INODE_SIZE, 0);
 	if (ret != SD_RES_SUCCESS) {
-		fprintf(stderr, "failed to read a base inode\n");
+		fprintf(stderr, "Failed to read a base inode\n");
 		ret = EXIT_FAILURE;
 		goto out;
 	}
@@ -590,7 +588,7 @@ static int vdi_clone(int argc, char **argv)
 
 	buf = zalloc(SD_DATA_OBJ_SIZE);
 	if (!buf) {
-		fprintf(stderr, "oom\n");
+		fprintf(stderr, "Failed to allocate memory\n");
 		ret = EXIT_SYSFAIL;
 		goto out;
 	}
@@ -641,31 +639,31 @@ static int vdi_resize(int argc, char **argv)
 	struct sheepdog_inode *inode = (struct sheepdog_inode *)buf;
 
 	if (!argv[optind]) {
-		fprintf(stderr, "please specify a new size of vdi\n");
+		fprintf(stderr, "Please specify the new size for the VDI\n");
 		return EXIT_USAGE;
 	}
 	ret = parse_option_size(argv[optind], &new_size);
 	if (ret < 0)
 		return EXIT_USAGE;
 	if (new_size > SD_MAX_VDI_SIZE) {
-		fprintf(stderr, "too big image size, %s\n", argv[optind]);
+		fprintf(stderr, "New VDI size is too large\n");
 		return EXIT_USAGE;
 	}
 
 	ret = find_vdi_name(vdiname, 0, "", &vid, 0);
 	if (ret < 0) {
-		fprintf(stderr, "failed to open vdi %s\n", vdiname);
+		fprintf(stderr, "Failed to open VDI %s\n", vdiname);
 		return EXIT_FAILURE;
 	}
 
 	ret = sd_read_object(vid_to_vdi_oid(vid), inode, SD_INODE_HEADER_SIZE, 0);
 	if (ret != SD_RES_SUCCESS) {
-		fprintf(stderr, "failed to read an inode header\n");
+		fprintf(stderr, "Failed to read an inode header\n");
 		return EXIT_FAILURE;
 	}
 
 	if (new_size < inode->vdi_size) {
-		fprintf(stderr, "shrinking is not implemented\n");
+		fprintf(stderr, "Shrinking VDIs is not implemented\n");
 		return EXIT_USAGE;
 	}
 	inode->vdi_size = new_size;
@@ -673,7 +671,7 @@ static int vdi_resize(int argc, char **argv)
 	ret = sd_write_object(vid_to_vdi_oid(vid), 0, inode, SD_INODE_HEADER_SIZE, 0,
 			      0, inode->nr_copies, 0);
 	if (ret != SD_RES_SUCCESS) {
-		fprintf(stderr, "failed to update an inode header\n");
+		fprintf(stderr, "Failed to update an inode header\n");
 		return EXIT_FAILURE;
 	}
 
@@ -712,12 +710,13 @@ static int vdi_delete(int argc, char **argv)
 	close(fd);
 
 	if (ret) {
-		fprintf(stderr, "failed to connect\n");
+		fprintf(stderr, "Failed to connect\n");
 		return EXIT_SYSFAIL;
 	}
 
 	if (rsp->result != SD_RES_SUCCESS) {
-		fprintf(stderr, "%s: %s\n", vdiname, sd_strerror(rsp->result));
+		fprintf(stderr, "Failed to delete %s: %s\n", vdiname,
+				sd_strerror(rsp->result));
 		if (rsp->result == SD_RES_NO_VDI)
 			return EXIT_MISSING;
 		else
@@ -745,7 +744,7 @@ static int vdi_object(int argc, char **argv)
 
 	vid = info.vid;
 	if (vid == 0) {
-		printf("No such vdi\n");
+		fprintf(stderr, "VDI not found\n");
 		return EXIT_MISSING;
 	}
 
@@ -777,7 +776,7 @@ static int vdi_object(int argc, char **argv)
 				printf("The inode object 0x%" PRIx32 " idx %u is not allocated\n",
 				       vid, idx);
 		} else
-			printf("failed to read the inode object 0x%" PRIx32 "\n", vid);
+			fprintf(stderr, "Failed to read the inode object 0x%" PRIx32 "\n", vid);
 	}
 
 	return EXIT_SUCCESS;
@@ -805,7 +804,7 @@ static int find_vdi_attr_oid(char *vdiname, char *tag, uint32_t snapid,
 
 	fd = connect_to(sdhost, sdport);
 	if (fd < 0) {
-		fprintf(stderr, "failed to connect\n\n");
+		fprintf(stderr, "Failed to connect\n\n");
 		return SD_RES_EIO;
 	}
 
@@ -855,7 +854,7 @@ static int vdi_setattr(int argc, char **argv)
 
 	key = argv[optind++];
 	if (!key) {
-		fprintf(stderr, "please specify the name of key\n");
+		fprintf(stderr, "Please specify the attribute key\n");
 		return EXIT_USAGE;
 	}
 
@@ -863,7 +862,7 @@ static int vdi_setattr(int argc, char **argv)
 	if (!value && !vdi_cmd_data.delete) {
 		value = malloc(SD_MAX_VDI_ATTR_VALUE_LEN);
 		if (!value) {
-			fprintf(stderr, "failed to allocate memory\n");
+			fprintf(stderr, "Failed to allocate memory\n");
 			return EXIT_SYSFAIL;
 		}
 
@@ -872,7 +871,7 @@ reread:
 		ret = read(STDIN_FILENO, value + offset,
 			   SD_MAX_VDI_ATTR_VALUE_LEN - offset);
 		if (ret < 0) {
-			fprintf(stderr, "failed to read from stdin, %m\n");
+			fprintf(stderr, "Failed to read attribute value from stdin: %m\n");
 			return EXIT_SYSFAIL;
 		}
 		if (ret > 0) {
@@ -891,16 +890,16 @@ reread:
 				vdi_cmd_data.exclusive, vdi_cmd_data.delete);
 	if (ret) {
 		if (ret == SD_RES_VDI_EXIST) {
-			fprintf(stderr, "the attribute already exists, %s\n", key);
+			fprintf(stderr, "The attribute '%s' already exists\n", key);
 			return EXIT_EXISTS;
 		} else if (ret == SD_RES_NO_OBJ) {
-			fprintf(stderr, "no such attribute, %s\n", key);
+			fprintf(stderr, "Attribute '%s' not found\n", key);
 			return EXIT_MISSING;
 		} else if (ret == SD_RES_NO_VDI) {
-			fprintf(stderr, "vdi not found\n");
+			fprintf(stderr, "VDI not found\n");
 			return EXIT_MISSING;
 		} else
-			fprintf(stderr, "failed to set attr, %s\n",
+			fprintf(stderr, "Failed to set attribute: %s\n",
 				sd_strerror(ret));
 		return EXIT_FAILURE;
 	}
@@ -918,7 +917,7 @@ static int vdi_getattr(int argc, char **argv)
 
 	key = argv[optind++];
 	if (!key) {
-		fprintf(stderr, "please specify the name of key\n");
+		fprintf(stderr, "Please specify the attribute key\n");
 		return EXIT_USAGE;
 	}
 
@@ -926,13 +925,13 @@ static int vdi_getattr(int argc, char **argv)
 				vdi_cmd_data.snapshot_id, key, NULL, 0,
 				&vid, &attr_oid, &nr_copies, 0, 0, 0);
 	if (ret == SD_RES_NO_OBJ) {
-		fprintf(stderr, "no such attribute, %s\n", key);
+		fprintf(stderr, "Attribute '%s' not found\n", key);
 		return EXIT_MISSING;
 	} else if (ret == SD_RES_NO_VDI) {
-		fprintf(stderr, "vdi not found\n");
+		fprintf(stderr, "VDI not found\n");
 		return EXIT_MISSING;
 	} else if (ret) {
-		fprintf(stderr, "failed to find attr oid, %s\n",
+		fprintf(stderr, "Failed to find attribute oid: %s\n",
 			sd_strerror(ret));
 		return EXIT_MISSING;
 	}
@@ -941,7 +940,7 @@ static int vdi_getattr(int argc, char **argv)
 
 	ret = sd_read_object(oid, &vattr, SD_ATTR_OBJ_SIZE, 0);
 	if (ret != SD_RES_SUCCESS) {
-		fprintf(stderr, "failed to read attr oid, %s\n",
+		fprintf(stderr, "Failed to read attribute oid: %s\n",
 			sd_strerror(ret));
 		return EXIT_SYSFAIL;
 	}
@@ -965,7 +964,7 @@ static int vdi_read(int argc, char **argv)
 		if (ret < 0)
 			return EXIT_USAGE;
 		if (offset % 512 != 0) {
-			fprintf(stderr, "offset must be block-aligned\n");
+			fprintf(stderr, "Read offset must be block-aligned\n");
 			return EXIT_USAGE;
 		}
 		if (argv[optind]) {
@@ -973,7 +972,7 @@ static int vdi_read(int argc, char **argv)
 			if (ret < 0)
 				return EXIT_USAGE;
 			if (total % 512 != 0) {
-				fprintf(stderr, "len must be block-aligned\n");
+				fprintf(stderr, "Read length must be block-aligned\n");
 				return EXIT_USAGE;
 			}
 		}
@@ -982,7 +981,7 @@ static int vdi_read(int argc, char **argv)
 	inode = malloc(sizeof(*inode));
 	buf = malloc(SD_DATA_OBJ_SIZE);
 	if (!inode || !buf) {
-		fprintf(stderr, "oom\n");
+		fprintf(stderr, "Failed to allocate memory\n");
 		ret = EXIT_SYSFAIL;
 		goto out;
 	}
@@ -990,19 +989,19 @@ static int vdi_read(int argc, char **argv)
 	ret = find_vdi_name(vdiname, vdi_cmd_data.snapshot_id,
 			    vdi_cmd_data.snapshot_tag, &vid, 0);
 	if (ret < 0) {
-		fprintf(stderr, "failed to open vdi %s\n", vdiname);
+		fprintf(stderr, "Failed to open VDI %s\n", vdiname);
 		ret = EXIT_FAILURE;
 		goto out;
 	}
 	ret = sd_read_object(vid_to_vdi_oid(vid), inode, SD_INODE_SIZE, 0);
 	if (ret != SD_RES_SUCCESS) {
-		fprintf(stderr, "failed to read an inode\n");
+		fprintf(stderr, "Failed to read an inode\n");
 		ret = EXIT_FAILURE;
 		goto out;
 	}
 
 	if (inode->vdi_size < offset) {
-		fprintf(stderr, "offset beyond end of vdi\n");
+		fprintf(stderr, "Read offset is beyond the end of the VDI\n");
 		ret = EXIT_FAILURE;
 		goto out;
 	}
@@ -1018,7 +1017,7 @@ static int vdi_read(int argc, char **argv)
 			oid = vid_to_data_oid(inode->data_vdi_id[idx], idx);
 			ret = sd_read_object(oid, buf, len, offset);
 			if (ret != SD_RES_SUCCESS) {
-				fprintf(stderr, "failed to read vdi\n");
+				fprintf(stderr, "Failed to read VDI\n");
 				ret = EXIT_FAILURE;
 				goto out;
 			}
@@ -1029,7 +1028,7 @@ static int vdi_read(int argc, char **argv)
 		while (remain) {
 			ret = write(STDOUT_FILENO, buf + (len - remain), len);
 			if (ret < 0) {
-				fprintf(stderr, "failed to output, %m\n");
+				fprintf(stderr, "Failed to write to stdout: %m\n");
 				ret = EXIT_SYSFAIL;
 				goto out;
 			}
@@ -1065,7 +1064,7 @@ static int vdi_write(int argc, char **argv)
 		if (ret < 0)
 			return EXIT_USAGE;
 		if (offset % 512 != 0) {
-			fprintf(stderr, "offset must be block-aligned\n");
+			fprintf(stderr, "Write offset must be block-aligned\n");
 			return EXIT_USAGE;
 		}
 		if (argv[optind]) {
@@ -1073,7 +1072,7 @@ static int vdi_write(int argc, char **argv)
 			if (ret < 0)
 				return EXIT_USAGE;
 			if (total % 512 != 0) {
-				fprintf(stderr, "len must be block-aligned\n");
+				fprintf(stderr, "Write length must be block-aligned\n");
 				return EXIT_USAGE;
 			}
 		}
@@ -1082,26 +1081,26 @@ static int vdi_write(int argc, char **argv)
 	inode = malloc(sizeof(*inode));
 	buf = malloc(SD_DATA_OBJ_SIZE);
 	if (!inode || !buf) {
-		fprintf(stderr, "oom\n");
+		fprintf(stderr, "Failed to allocate memory\n");
 		ret = EXIT_SYSFAIL;
 		goto out;
 	}
 
 	ret = find_vdi_name(vdiname, 0, "", &vid, 0);
 	if (ret < 0) {
-		fprintf(stderr, "failed to open vdi %s\n", vdiname);
+		fprintf(stderr, "Failed to open VDI %s\n", vdiname);
 		ret = EXIT_FAILURE;
 		goto out;
 	}
 	ret = sd_read_object(vid_to_vdi_oid(vid), inode, SD_INODE_SIZE, 0);
 	if (ret != SD_RES_SUCCESS) {
-		fprintf(stderr, "failed to read an inode\n");
+		fprintf(stderr, "Failed to read an inode\n");
 		ret = EXIT_FAILURE;
 		goto out;
 	}
 
 	if (inode->vdi_size < offset) {
-		fprintf(stderr, "offset beyond end of vdi\n");
+		fprintf(stderr, "Write offset is beyond the end of the VDI\n");
 		ret = EXIT_FAILURE;
 		goto out;
 	}
@@ -1138,7 +1137,7 @@ static int vdi_write(int argc, char **argv)
 				break;
 			}
 			else if (ret < 0) {
-				fprintf(stderr, "%m\n");
+				fprintf(stderr, "Failed to read from stdin: %m\n");
 				ret = EXIT_SYSFAIL;
 				goto out;
 			}
@@ -1150,7 +1149,7 @@ static int vdi_write(int argc, char **argv)
 		ret = sd_write_object(oid, old_oid, buf, len, offset, flags,
 				      inode->nr_copies, create);
 		if (ret != SD_RES_SUCCESS) {
-			fprintf(stderr, "failed to write vdi\n");
+			fprintf(stderr, "Failed to write VDI\n");
 			ret = EXIT_FAILURE;
 			goto out;
 		}
@@ -1181,31 +1180,31 @@ out:
 }
 
 static struct subcommand vdi_cmd[] = {
-	{"create", "<vdiname> <size>", "Paph", "create a image",
+	{"create", "<vdiname> <size>", "Paph", "create an image",
 	 SUBCMD_FLAG_NEED_NODELIST|SUBCMD_FLAG_NEED_THIRD_ARG, vdi_create},
 	{"snapshot", "<vdiname>", "saph", "create a snapshot",
 	 SUBCMD_FLAG_NEED_NODELIST|SUBCMD_FLAG_NEED_THIRD_ARG, vdi_snapshot},
-	{"clone", "<src vdi> <dst vdi>", "sPaph", "create a clone image",
+	{"clone", "<src vdi> <dst vdi>", "sPaph", "clone an image",
 	 SUBCMD_FLAG_NEED_NODELIST|SUBCMD_FLAG_NEED_THIRD_ARG, vdi_clone},
-	{"delete", "<vdiname>", "saph", "delete a image",
+	{"delete", "<vdiname>", "saph", "delete an image",
 	 SUBCMD_FLAG_NEED_NODELIST|SUBCMD_FLAG_NEED_THIRD_ARG, vdi_delete},
 	{"list", "[vdiname]", "aprh", "list images",
 	 SUBCMD_FLAG_NEED_NODELIST, vdi_list},
 	{"tree", NULL, "aph", "show images in tree view format",
 	 SUBCMD_FLAG_NEED_NODELIST, vdi_tree},
-	{"graph", NULL, "aph", "show images with Graphviz dot format",
+	{"graph", NULL, "aph", "show images in Graphviz dot format",
 	 SUBCMD_FLAG_NEED_NODELIST, vdi_graph},
 	{"object", "<vdiname>", "isaph", "show object information in the image",
 	 SUBCMD_FLAG_NEED_NODELIST|SUBCMD_FLAG_NEED_THIRD_ARG, vdi_object},
-	{"setattr", "<vdiname> <key> [value]", "dxaph", "set a vdi attribute",
+	{"setattr", "<vdiname> <key> [value]", "dxaph", "set a VDI attribute",
 	 SUBCMD_FLAG_NEED_NODELIST|SUBCMD_FLAG_NEED_THIRD_ARG, vdi_setattr},
-	{"getattr", "<vdiname> <key>", "aph", "get a vdi attribute",
+	{"getattr", "<vdiname> <key>", "aph", "get a VDI attribute",
 	 SUBCMD_FLAG_NEED_NODELIST|SUBCMD_FLAG_NEED_THIRD_ARG, vdi_getattr},
-	{"resize", "<vdiname> <new size>", "aph", "resize a image",
+	{"resize", "<vdiname> <new size>", "aph", "resize an image",
 	 SUBCMD_FLAG_NEED_NODELIST|SUBCMD_FLAG_NEED_THIRD_ARG, vdi_resize},
-	{"read", "<vdiname> [<offset> [<len>]]", "saph", "read data from a image",
+	{"read", "<vdiname> [<offset> [<len>]]", "saph", "read data from an image",
 	 SUBCMD_FLAG_NEED_NODELIST|SUBCMD_FLAG_NEED_THIRD_ARG, vdi_read},
-	{"write", "<vdiname> [<offset> [<len>]]", "aph", "write data to a image",
+	{"write", "<vdiname> [<offset> [<len>]]", "aph", "write data to an image",
 	 SUBCMD_FLAG_NEED_NODELIST|SUBCMD_FLAG_NEED_THIRD_ARG, vdi_write},
 	{NULL,},
 };
@@ -1221,7 +1220,7 @@ static int vdi_parser(int ch, char *opt)
 	case 'i':
 		vdi_cmd_data.index = strtol(opt, &p, 10);
 		if (opt == p) {
-			fprintf(stderr, "the index must be an integer\n");
+			fprintf(stderr, "The index must be an integer\n");
 			exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
 		}
 		break;
diff --git a/include/sheep.h b/include/sheep.h
index 8d4840c..c4a1c14 100644
--- a/include/sheep.h
+++ b/include/sheep.h
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@
    concurrent accesses to non-snapshot VDIs. */
 #define SD_FLAG_CMD_WEAK_CONSISTENCY 0x0040
 
-/* flags for vdi attribute operations */
+/* flags for VDI attribute operations */
 #define SD_FLAG_CMD_CREAT    0x0100
 #define SD_FLAG_CMD_EXCL     0x0200
 #define SD_FLAG_CMD_DEL      0x0400
diff --git a/include/sheepdog_proto.h b/include/sheepdog_proto.h
index fc667b6..b664223 100644
--- a/include/sheepdog_proto.h
+++ b/include/sheepdog_proto.h
@@ -36,22 +36,22 @@
 #define SD_RES_UNKNOWN       0x01 /* Unknown error */
 #define SD_RES_NO_OBJ        0x02 /* No object found */
 #define SD_RES_EIO           0x03 /* I/O error */
-#define SD_RES_VDI_EXIST     0x04 /* Vdi exists already */
+#define SD_RES_VDI_EXIST     0x04 /* VDI exists already */
 #define SD_RES_INVALID_PARMS 0x05 /* Invalid parameters */
 #define SD_RES_SYSTEM_ERROR  0x06 /* System error */
-#define SD_RES_VDI_LOCKED    0x07 /* Vdi is locked */
-#define SD_RES_NO_VDI        0x08 /* No vdi found */
-#define SD_RES_NO_BASE_VDI   0x09 /* No base vdi found */
-#define SD_RES_VDI_READ      0x0A /* Cannot read requested vdi */
-#define SD_RES_VDI_WRITE     0x0B /* Cannot write requested vdi */
-#define SD_RES_BASE_VDI_READ 0x0C /* Cannot read base vdi */
-#define SD_RES_BASE_VDI_WRITE   0x0D /* Cannot write base vdi */
+#define SD_RES_VDI_LOCKED    0x07 /* VDI is locked */
+#define SD_RES_NO_VDI        0x08 /* No VDI found */
+#define SD_RES_NO_BASE_VDI   0x09 /* No base VDI found */
+#define SD_RES_VDI_READ      0x0A /* Cannot read requested VDI */
+#define SD_RES_VDI_WRITE     0x0B /* Cannot write requested VDI */
+#define SD_RES_BASE_VDI_READ 0x0C /* Cannot read base VDI */
+#define SD_RES_BASE_VDI_WRITE   0x0D /* Cannot write base VDI */
 #define SD_RES_NO_TAG        0x0E /* Requested tag is not found */
 #define SD_RES_STARTUP       0x0F /* Sheepdog is on starting up */
-#define SD_RES_VDI_NOT_LOCKED   0x10 /* Vdi is not locked */
+#define SD_RES_VDI_NOT_LOCKED   0x10 /* VDI is not locked */
 #define SD_RES_SHUTDOWN      0x11 /* Sheepdog is shutting down */
 #define SD_RES_NO_MEM        0x12 /* Cannot allocate memory */
-#define SD_RES_FULL_VDI      0x13 /* we already have the maximum vdis */
+#define SD_RES_FULL_VDI      0x13 /* we already have the maximum VDIs */
 #define SD_RES_VER_MISMATCH  0x14 /* Protocol version mismatch */
 #define SD_RES_NO_SPACE      0x15 /* Server has no room for new objects */
 #define SD_RES_WAIT_FOR_FORMAT  0x16 /* Sheepdog is waiting for a format operation */
@@ -65,8 +65,8 @@
  *
  *  0 - 19 (20 bits): data object space
  * 20 - 31 (12 bits): reserved data object space
- * 32 - 55 (24 bits): vdi object space
- * 56 - 59 ( 4 bits): reserved vdi object space
+ * 32 - 55 (24 bits): VDI object space
+ * 56 - 59 ( 4 bits): reserved VDI object space
  * 60 - 63 ( 4 bits): object type indentifier space
  */
 
diff --git a/sheep/group.c b/sheep/group.c
index 4cf81cb..dbfa9c8 100644
--- a/sheep/group.c
+++ b/sheep/group.c
@@ -466,12 +466,12 @@ static int get_vdi_bitmap_from(struct sheepdog_node_list_entry *node)
 
 	fd = connect_to(host, node->port);
 	if (fd < 0) {
-		vprintf(SDOG_ERR, "unable to get the vdi bitmap from %s: %m\n", host);
+		vprintf(SDOG_ERR, "unable to get the VDI bitmap from %s: %m\n", host);
 		ret = -SD_RES_EIO;
 		goto out;
 	}
 
-	vprintf(SDOG_ERR, "getting the vdi bitmap from %s\n", host);
+	vprintf(SDOG_ERR, "getting the VDI bitmap from %s\n", host);
 
 	memset(&hdr, 0, sizeof(hdr));
 	hdr.opcode = SD_OP_READ_VDIS;
@@ -486,7 +486,7 @@ static int get_vdi_bitmap_from(struct sheepdog_node_list_entry *node)
 	close(fd);
 
 	if (ret || rsp->result != SD_RES_SUCCESS) {
-		vprintf(SDOG_ERR, "unable to get the vdi bitmap (%d, %d)\n", ret,
+		vprintf(SDOG_ERR, "unable to get the VDI bitmap (%d, %d)\n", ret,
 				rsp->result);
 		goto out;
 	}
diff --git a/sheep/journal.c b/sheep/journal.c
index 790ebb6..b2f0e8b 100644
--- a/sheep/journal.c
+++ b/sheep/journal.c
@@ -172,7 +172,7 @@ static int jrnl_apply_to_target_object(struct jrnl_descriptor *jd)
 		return SD_RES_NO_MEM;
 	}
 
-	/* Flush out journal to disk (vdi object) */
+	/* Flush out journal to disk (VDI object) */
 	retsize = pread64(jd->fd, &jd->head, sizeof(jd->head), 0);
 	retsize = pread64(jd->fd, buf, jd->head.size, sizeof(jd->head));
 	retsize = pwrite64(jd->target_fd, buf, jd->head.size, jd->head.offset);
diff --git a/sheep/ops.c b/sheep/ops.c
index fd836c1..ea5d1c4 100644
--- a/sheep/ops.c
+++ b/sheep/ops.c
@@ -195,8 +195,8 @@ static int cluster_get_vdi_attr(const struct sd_req *req, struct sd_rsp *rsp,
 	if (ret != SD_RES_SUCCESS)
 		return ret;
 
-	/* the curernt vdi id can change if we take the snapshot,
-	   so we use the hash value of the vdi name as the vdi id */
+	/* the current VDI id can change if we take a snapshot,
+	   so we use the hash value of the VDI name as the VDI id */
 	vid = fnv_64a_buf(vattr->name, strlen(vattr->name), FNV1A_64_INIT);
 	vid &= SD_NR_VDIS - 1;
 	ret = get_vdi_attr(hdr->epoch, data, hdr->data_length, vid,
diff --git a/sheep/store.c b/sheep/store.c
index 92ba8ec..010d640 100644
--- a/sheep/store.c
+++ b/sheep/store.c
@@ -1899,7 +1899,7 @@ static int init_epoch_path(const char *base_path)
 			if (!is_vdi_obj(oid))
 				continue;
 
-			vprintf(SDOG_DEBUG, "found the vdi object %" PRIx64 "\n", oid);
+			vprintf(SDOG_DEBUG, "found the VDI object %" PRIx64 "\n", oid);
 
 			set_bit(oid_to_vid(oid), sys->vdi_inuse);
 		}
diff --git a/sheep/vdi.c b/sheep/vdi.c
index 84ab539..f00ce04 100644
--- a/sheep/vdi.c
+++ b/sheep/vdi.c
@@ -296,12 +296,12 @@ int add_vdi(uint32_t epoch, char *data, int data_len, uint64_t size,
 	if (is_snapshot) {
 		if (ret != SD_RES_SUCCESS) {
 			if (ret == SD_RES_NO_VDI)
-				vprintf(SDOG_CRIT, "vdi %s does not exist\n", name);
+				vprintf(SDOG_CRIT, "VDI %s does not exist\n", name);
 			return ret;
 		}
 		nr = right_nr;
 	} else {
-		/* we already have the same vdi or met other errors. */
+		/* we already have the same VDI or met other errors. */
 		if (ret != SD_RES_NO_VDI) {
 			if (ret == SD_RES_SUCCESS)
 				ret = SD_RES_VDI_EXIST;
@@ -311,7 +311,7 @@ int add_vdi(uint32_t epoch, char *data, int data_len, uint64_t size,
 		if (deleted_nr == SD_NR_VDIS)
 			nr = right_nr;
 		else
-			nr = deleted_nr; /* we can recycle a deleted vdi */
+			nr = deleted_nr; /* we can recycle a deleted VDI */
 
 		next_snapid = 1;
 	}
@@ -461,7 +461,7 @@ static void delete_one(struct work *work, int idx)
 			  0, sys->nr_sobjs);
 
 	if (ret != SD_RES_SUCCESS) {
-		eprintf("cannot find vdi object\n");
+		eprintf("cannot find VDI object\n");
 		goto out;
 	}
 
@@ -524,7 +524,7 @@ again:
 			  SD_INODE_HEADER_SIZE, 0, sys->nr_sobjs);
 
 	if (ret != SD_RES_SUCCESS) {
-		eprintf("cannot find vdi object\n");
+		eprintf("cannot find VDI object\n");
 		goto err;
 	}
 
@@ -567,7 +567,7 @@ next:
 			  SD_INODE_HEADER_SIZE, 0, sys->nr_sobjs);
 
 	if (ret != SD_RES_SUCCESS) {
-		eprintf("cannot find vdi object\n");
+		eprintf("cannot find VDI object\n");
 		vid = 0;
 		goto out;
 	}
@@ -724,7 +724,7 @@ int get_vdi_attr(uint32_t epoch, struct sheepdog_vdi_attr *vattr, int data_len,
 		(*attrid)++;
 	}
 
-	dprintf("there is no space for new vdis\n");
+	dprintf("there is no space for new VDIs\n");
 	ret = SD_RES_FULL_VDI;
 out:
 	free_ordered_sd_vnode_list(entries);
-- 
1.7.5.4




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